Drinks

Here are some of the Japanese drinks you should try when you visit Japan.

 

> Sake ้…’๏ผˆๆ—ฅๆœฌ้…’๏ผ‰

Sake, also spelled sakรฉ, also referred to as a Japanese rice wine, is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran.

 

> Shลchลซ ็„ผ้…Ž

Shลchลซ is a Japanese distilled beverage less than 45% alcohol by volume. It is typically distilled from rice (kome), barley (mugi), sweet potatoes (satsuma-imo), buckwheat (soba), or brown sugar (kokutล), though it is sometimes produced from other ingredients such as chestnut, sesame seeds, potatoes or even carrots.

 

> Hoppy ใƒ›ใƒƒใƒ”ใƒผ

Hoppy is a beer-flavored almost non-alcoholic drink that Kokuka Beverage Company began producing and selling in Japan in 1948; it is currently most available in and associated with Tokyo. Kokuka subsequently changed its name to Hoppy Beverage Co., Ltd.

 

> Chลซhai ้…Žใƒใ‚ค

Chลซhai, often sold as Chu-Hi as a canned drink, is an alcoholic drink originating from Japan. The name chลซhai is an abbreviation of “shลchลซ highball”. Traditional chลซhai is made with shลchลซ and carbonated water flavored with lemon, though some modern commercial variants use vodka in place of shลchลซ.

 

> Umeshu ๆข…้…’

Umeshu is a Japanese liqueur made by steeping ume fruits (while still unripe and green) in shลchลซ and sugar. It has a sweet, sour taste, and an alcohol content of 10โ€“15%. The taste and aroma of umeshu can appeal to even those people who normally dislike alcohol. Famous brands of umeshu include Choya and Takara Shuzo. Varieties are available with whole ume fruits contained in the bottle, and some people make their own umeshu at home.

 

> Amazake ็”˜้…’

Amazake is a traditional sweet, low-alcohol Japanese drink made from fermented rice.

 

> Calpis ใ‚ซใƒซใƒ”ใ‚น (aka Calpico)

Calpis is a Japanese uncarbonated soft drink, manufactured by Calpis Co., Ltd., headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo. Calpis Co. is a subsidiary of Asahi. The beverage has a light, somewhat milky, and slightly acidic flavor.

 

> Yakult ใƒคใ‚ฏใƒซใƒˆ

Yakult is a probiotic milk beverage fermented with the bacteria strain Lactobacillus paracasei Shirota, first isolated from the human intestine by Japanese scientist Minoru Shirota in the 1930s and sold by Yakult Honsha.

 

> Ramune ใƒฉใƒ ใƒ

Ramune is a type of carbonated soft drink originally created and sold in Japan which was introduced in Kobe by Alexander Cameron Sim. The brand name comes from a wasei-eigo of the word lemonade.

 

> C.C. Lemon C.C.ใƒฌใƒขใƒณ

C.C. Lemon is a Japanese soft drink created by Suntory. It is known for its lemon flavor, and for its advertisements featuring characters from the popular American cartoon The Simpsons. It has been recently introduced to Vietnam. The Simpsons produced five advertisements for the drink from 2000 to 2002.

 

> Pocari Sweat ใƒใ‚ซใƒชใ‚นใ‚จใƒƒใƒˆ

Pocari Sweat is a Japanese sports drink, manufactured by Otsuka Pharmaceutical. It was launched in 1980, and is now also available in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Australia. Pocari Sweat is a mild-tasting, relatively light, non-carbonated sweet beverage and is advertised as an “ion supply drink”.

 

> Aquarius ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚จใƒชใ‚ขใ‚น

Aquarius is a mineral sports drink manufactured by The Coca-Cola Company. It originated in 1978, and was first introduced in 1983 in Japan as a grapefruit-flavored sports drink, as a response to a competitor’s brand of sports drink called Pocari Sweat.

 

> Canned Coffee ็ผถใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผ

Canned coffee is ubiquitous in Japan, with a large number of companies competing fiercely and offering various types for sale. Canned coffee is already brewed and ready to drink. It is available in supermarkets and convenience stores , with vast numbers of cans being sold in vending machines that offer heated cans in the autumn and winter, and cold cans in the warm months.

 

 

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

Japanese Foods

Here are some of the Japanese food you should try when you visit Japan. There are much more local and traditional Japanese foods which you need to discover yourself.

 

> Nattล ็ด่ฑ†

Nattล is a traditional Japanese food made from soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. Some eat it as a breakfast food. It is served with soy sauce, karashi mustard and Japanese bunching onion. Nattล may be an acquired taste because of its powerful smell, strong flavor, and sticky, slimy texture.

 

> Umeboshi ๆข…ๅนฒใ—

Umeboshi are fermented ume fruits common in Japan. The word “umeboshi” is often translated into English as “Japanese salt plums”, “salt plums” or “fermented plums”. Ume is a species of fruit-bearing tree in the genus Prunus, which is often called a plum but is actually more closely related to the apricot.

 

> Surume ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚

Dried shredded squid is a dried, shredded, seasoned, seafood product, made from squid or cuttlefish, commonly found in coastal Asian countries, Russia, and Hawaii. The snack is also referred to as dried shredded cuttlefish.

 

> Chazuke ่Œถๆผฌใ‘

Chazuke or ochazuke is a simple Japanese dish made by pouring green tea, dashi, or hot water over cooked rice.

 

> Oden ใŠใงใ‚“

Oden is a Japanese one-pot dish consisting of several ingredients such as boiled eggs, daikon, konjac, and processed fishcakes stewed in a light, soy-flavored dashi broth. Oden was originally what is now commonly called misodengaku or simply dengaku; konjac or tofu was boiled and eaten with miso.

 

> Dengaku ็”ฐๆฅฝ

Dengaku were rustic Japanese celebrations that can be classified into two types: dengaku that developed as a musical accompaniment to rice planting observances and the dengaku dances that developed in conjunction with sangaku.

 

> Okonomiyaki ใŠๅฅฝใฟ็„ผใ

Okonomiyaki is a Japanese savory pancake containing a variety of ingredients. The name is derived from the word okonomi, meaning “how you like” or “what you like”, and yaki meaning “cooked”. Okonomiyaki is mainly associated with the Kansai or Hiroshima areas of Japan, but is widely available throughout the country.

 

> Monjayaki ใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚ƒ็„ผใ

Monjayaki is a type of Japanese pan-fried batter, popular in the Kantล region, similar to okonomiyaki, but that uses different liquid ingredients.

 

> Takoyaki ใŸใ“็„ผใ

Takoyaki is a ball-shaped Japanese snack made of a wheat flour-based batter and cooked in a special molded pan. It is typically filled with minced or diced octopus, tempura scraps, pickled ginger, and green onion.

 

> Akashiyaki ๆ˜Ž็Ÿณ็„ผใ

Akashiyaki is a small round dumpling from the city of Akashi in Hyลgo Prefecture, Japan. The dumpling is made of an egg-rich batter and octopus dipped into dashi before eating. Locals refer to it simply as tamagoyaki. Modern style akashiyaki first started selling in the Taishล period by a yatai shopper Seitarล Mukai.

 

> Unadon ใ†ใชไธผ

Unadon is a dish originating in Japan. It consists of a donburi type large bowl filled with steamed white rice, and topped with fillets of eel grilled in a style known as kabayaki, similar to teriyaki. The fillets are glazed with a sweetened soy-based sauce, called tare and caramelized, preferably over charcoal fire.

 

> Oyakodon ่ฆชๅญไธผ

Oyakodon, literally “parent-and-child donburi”, is a donburi, or Japanese rice bowl dish, in which chicken, egg, sliced scallion (or sometimes regular onions), and other ingredients are all simmered together in a kind of soup which is made with soy sauce and stock, and then served on top of a large bowl of rice. The name of the dish is a poetic reflection of the fact that both chicken and egg are used in the dish.

Several other Japanese dishes pun on the parent-and-child theme of oyakodon. Tanindon (ไป–ไบบไธผ), literally “stranger bowl”, is otherwise identical but replaces the chicken with beef.

 

> Onigiri ใŠใซใŽใ‚Š

O-nigiri, also known as o-musubi, nigirimeshi, rice ball, is a Japanese food made from white rice formed into triangular or cylindrical shapes and often wrapped in nori.

 

> Spaghetti Napolitan ใƒŠใƒใƒชใ‚ฟใƒณ

Spaghetti napolitan, also known as spaghetti naporitan, is a Japanese style pasta dish made with a sauce that is tomato ketchup based.

 

> Ramen ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณ

Ramen is a Japanese dish. It consists of Chinese-style wheat noodles served in a meat or fish-based broth, often flavored with soy sauce or miso, and uses toppings such as sliced pork, nori, menma, and scallions.

 

> Tonkatsu ใจใ‚“ใ‹ใค

Tonkatsu is a Japanese dish which consists of a breaded, deep-fried pork cutlet. The two main types are fillet and loin. It is often served with shredded cabbage.

 

> Tempura ๅคฉใทใ‚‰

Tempura is a Japanese dish usually consisting of seafood or vegetables that have been battered and deep fried. The dish was influenced by fritter-cooking techniques introduced by Portuguese residing in Nagasaki in the 16th century, and the name “tempura” relates to that origin.

 

> Tendon ๅคฉไธผ

A type of donburi (a one-bowl meal of rice topped with any meat or vegetable dish), tendon is crisp tempura laid over freshly steamed rice and topped with a delicious light soy dressing. Enjoy for lunch, or as a light evening meal.

 

> Udon ใ†ใฉใ‚“

Udon is a type of thick wheat flour noodle used frequently in Japanese cuisine. It is often served hot as a noodle soup in its simplest form, as kake udon, in a mildly flavoured broth called kakejiru, which is made of dashi, soy sauce, and mirin. It is usually topped with thinly chopped scallions.

 

> Soba ใใฐ

Soba is the Japanese name for buckwheat. It usually refers to thin noodles made from buckwheat flour, or a combination of buckwheat and wheat flours. They contrast to thick wheat noodles, called udon. Soba noodles are served either chilled with a dipping sauce, or in hot broth as a noodle soup.

 

> Kishimen ใใ—ใ‚ใ‚“

Flat Noodle. Kishimen is a broad and flat noodle often seen in the Nagoya area.

 

> Karaage ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ’

Unassuming option for Japanese/Hawaiian fusion dishes, with signature Japanese-style fried chicken.

 

> Yakisoba ใ‚„ใใใฐ

Yakisoba, literally “fried buckwheat”, is a Japanese noodle stir-fry dish. Although soba means buckwheat, yakisoba noodles are actually made from wheat flour, and are typically flavored with a condiment similar to oyster sauce. The dish first appeared in food stalls in Japan during the early 20th century.

 

> Sushi ๅฏฟๅธ

Sushi is a Japanese dish of prepared vinegared rice, usually with some sugar and salt, accompanying a variety of ingredients, such as seafood, vegetables, and occasionally tropical fruits.

 

> Sashimi ใ•ใ—ใฟ

Sashimi is a Japanese delicacy consisting of very fresh raw fish or meat sliced into thin pieces and often eaten with soy sauce.

 

> Yakitori ็„ผใ้ณฅ

Yakitori is a Japanese type of skewered chicken. Its preparation involves skewering the meat with kushi, a type of skewer typically made of steel, bamboo, or similar materials. Afterwards, they are grilled over a charcoal fire. During or after cooking, the meat is typically seasoned with tare sauce or salt.

 

> Japanese Curry ใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผ

Japanese curry is one of the most popular dishes in Japan. It is commonly served in three main forms: curry rice, curry udon, and curry bread. Curry rice is most commonly referred to simply as “curry”. A wide variety of vegetables and meats are used to make Japanese curry.

 

> Gyudon ็‰›ไธผ

Gyลซdon, literally beef bowl, is a Japanese dish consisting of a bowl of rice topped with beef and onion simmered in a mildly sweet sauce flavored with dashi, soy sauce and mirin. It sometimes also includes shirataki noodles, and is sometimes topped with a raw egg or a soft poached egg.

 

> Shabu-Shabu ใ—ใ‚ƒใถใ—ใ‚ƒใถ

Shabu-shabu is a Japanese nabemono hotpot dish of thinly sliced meat and vegetables boiled in water and served with dipping sauces. The term is onomatopoeic, derived from the sound emitted when the ingredients are stirred in the cooking pot. The food is cooked piece by piece by the diner at the table.

 

> Kushikatsu ไธฒใ‚ซใƒ„

Kushikatsu, also known as kushiage, is a Japanese dish of deep-fried skewered meat and vegetables. In Japanese, kushi refers to the skewers used while katsu means a deep-fried cutlet of meat.

 

> Motsunabe ใƒขใƒ„้‹

Motsunabe is a type of nabemono in Japanese cuisine, which is made from beef or pork tripe or other offal. It is a popular stew made with guts portions of various types of meat, prepared in a conventional kitchen cooking pot or a special Japanese nabe pot.

 

> Kitsune Udon ใใคใญใ†ใฉใ‚“

Kitsune Udon is Udon noodles in hot Dashi soup topped with Aburaage that has been cooked in a sweet and salty sauce. … Kitsune Udon is one of the soul foods for Kansai people. Aburaage, fried thin tofu, is often cooked and seasoned strongly with soy sauce and sugar, as you may know from this dish and also in Inarizushi.

 

> Tanuki Udon ใŸใฌใใ†ใฉใ‚“

Tanuki Udon is a udon noodle soup usually served in a hot dashi broth and topped with tempura bits called tenkasu. However, during the summer months this dish is often prepared cold. It’s very refreshing and super easy to prepare.

 

> Yaki Udon ็„ผใใ†ใฉใ‚“

Yaki udon is a Japanese stir fry dish consisting of thick, smooth, white udon noodles mixed with a soy based sauce, meat, and vegetables. It is similar to yakisoba, which involves a similar stir fry technique using soba noodles.

 

> Korokke ใ‚ณใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฑ

Korokke is the Japanese name for a deep-fried dish originally related to a French dish, the croquette.

 

 

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

Accommodation

 

Following sections to learn where you can stay in Japan.

 

> Hotel ใƒ›ใƒ†ใƒซ

In addition to the Imperial Palace Hotel, Hotel Okura and New Otani Hotel (three highest ranked Japanese hotels in Tokyo), most other major chains of the hotel are present in Tokyo and other metropolitan cities. Those hotels include Marriott, Hilton and Hyatt.

 

> Business Hotel ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใƒ›ใƒ†ใƒซ

Japanese business hotels are great alternatives to the larger expensive chain hotels. These are typically chains which provide single โ€“ or double-occupancy accommodations for a reasonable charge โ€” usually well under ยฅ10,000/night.

 

> Ryokan ๆ—…้คจ

A ryokan is a type of traditional Japanese inn that typically features tatami-matted rooms, communal baths, and other public areas where visitors may wear yukata and talk with the owner.

 

> Capsule Hotel ใ‚ซใƒ—ใ‚ปใƒซใƒ›ใƒ†ใƒซ

A capsule hotel, also known as a pod hotel, is a type of hotel developed in Japan that features a large number of small bed-sized rooms known as capsules.

 

> Love Hotel ใƒฉใƒ–ใƒ›ใƒ†ใƒซ or ใƒฉใƒ–ใƒ›

A love hotel is a type of short-stay hotel found around the world operated primarily for the purpose of allowing guests privacy for sexual activities. The name originates from “Hotel Love” in Osaka, which was built in 1968 and had a rotating sign.

Buses and Taxis

All licensed commercial vehicles including buses and taxies have green license plates with letters and numbers in white.

If you see any hired vehicle with a white license plate with green lettering, they are operating without licenses.

 

> Local Buses ใƒใ‚น

In Tokyo, Osaka and some other large cities, buses serve as a secondary means of public transportation, complementing the train and subway networks. In cities with less dense train networks like Kyoto, buses are the main means of public transportation. Buses also serve smaller towns, the countryside and national parks.

Most local buses are operated by one driver only. You pay the fare as you enter the bus. Most local buses charge one price per ride.

 

> Highway Buses ้ซ˜้€Ÿใƒใ‚น

Highway buses provide alternative means of long distance transportation to rail and air. So-called Highway Buses operates between cities like Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto and Osaka overnight at very reasonable prices. On top of the savings, you will be able to skip one night at the hotel. Buses are clean and comfortable and some are equipped with flat beds.

 

> Shuttle Buses ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒˆใƒซใƒใ‚น

You see many shuttle buses at any international airports. Those buses provides reasonable price transportation to and from airport to destinations like hotels and train stations. For instance, the shuttle bus from Narita Airport to Tokyo Station runs between 1,100 ~ 3,300 yen depending on the company. Shuttle bus fare includes toll charges as well. There is no tipping for this service.

 

> Tour Buses ใƒ„ใ‚ขใƒผใƒใ‚น

If you wish to tour specific places, there usually are tour buses to take you there and back. There are many tourists that can provide you with the tour bus services. Ask your travel agent or look online to find the tour bus companies. There are tour buses operating with English and other languages as well.

 

> Taxis ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผ

Taxis in Japan are very clean with most cabs open left rear door by the drivers. Taxi fairs start around 400 yen to 800 per the first 2km. Because of the heavy traffics in metro Tokyo and other cities, taxis may not be the fastest transportation. In large cites with a good subway system people tend to travel by subway to save time and money. If you ask a taxi to use toll roads, the toll will be added to your total charge. No tipping is needed for a taxi ride.

Rail Transportation

 

> Rail Transportation

 

Japan has one of the most advanced and modern rail systems around the world. When you travel to Japan, you should take advantage of this rail system.

 

Japan Rail Pass ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒ‘ใƒณใƒฌใƒผใƒซใƒ‘ใ‚น

http://www.japanrailpass.net/en/

 

The Japan Rail Pass (ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒ‘ใƒณใƒฌใƒผใƒซใƒ‘ใ‚น), also called the JR Pass, is a rail pass for only overseas visitors sold by the Japan Railways Group, and is valid for travel on all major forms of transportation provided by the JR Group in Japan, with a few exceptions.

The Rail Pass is designed to stimulate travel and tourism throughout the country. It is only cost effective for long-distance travel, particularly by bullet trains. While the savings from extensive travel can be considerable, those who travel too little may in fact lose money on a rail pass.

The Japan Rail Pass is of limited use within the big cities. For Tokyo for example, it does cover the Yamanote Line which goes to several popular tourist areas as well as in Osaka on the Loop Line, plus in Kyoto on the Nara and Arashiyama Lines.

 

JR Pass JR Pass

The Japan Rail Pass is also available through some international travel agents.

 

Shinkansen, the Bullet Train, ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš

 

The Shinkansen, meaning new trunkline, but colloquially known in English as the bullet train, is a network of high-speed railway lines in Japan. Initially, it was built to connect distant Japanese regions with Tokyo, the capital, in order to aid economic growth and development.

 

The shinkansen high-speed trains are the fastest way to discover all of Japan, reaching a speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). The Japan Railways (JR) network, which can be accessed by the Japan Rail Pass, practically covers all the country, with the addition of the new Hokkaido Shinkansen, and the popular Tokaido Shinkansen. The nine Shinkansen lines take you in different directions around Japan. Two of them, the Kyushu and the Tokaido Shinkansen lines, go south from Tokyo. The Sanyo Shinkansen line also runs south but departs from Shin-Osaka. The other six lines either take you north or inland from Tokyo. These are the Akita, Hokuriku, Joetsu, Tohoku, Yamagata Shinkansen lines. Finally, the Hokkaido line takes you the furthest north, all the way to Hokkaido island. 

 

There are different types of trains and services which run on each of the Shinkansen lines. There are express trains which are the fastest, semi express trains, and local trains.

 

For instance, on the Tokaido Shinkansen line, which links Tokyo to Osaka, the express train makes six stops, the semi express makes between seven and 12, and local trains stop at all 17.

 

  • Nozomiใ€€ใฎใžใฟ

    Nozomi is the fastest train service running on the Tokaido/Sanyo Shinkansen lines in Japan. The service stops at only the largest stations, and along the stretch between Shin-Osaka and Hakata, Nozomi services using N700 series equipment reach speeds of 300 km/h.

     

  • Hikari ใฒใ‹ใ‚Š

    Hikari is the name of a high-speed train service running on the Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen “bullet train” lines in Japan. Slower than the premier Nozomi but faster than the all-stations Kodama, the Hikari is the fastest train service on the Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen that is covered in the Japan Rail Pass.

     

  • Kodama ใ“ใ ใพ

    Kodama is one of the three train services running on the Tลkaidล/San’yล Shinkansen. Kodama trains stop at all stations, making Kodama the slowest Shinkansen service for trips between major cities such as Tokyo and Osaka. The Kodama trains are used primarily for travel to and from smaller cities such as Atami.

     

 

Japan Railways Group, JR

 

The Japan Railways Group, more commonly known as JR Group, consists of seven for-profit companies (6 passenger lines) that took over most of the assets and operations of the government-owned Japanese National Railways on April 1, 1987.

 

  • Hokkaido Railway Company
    JR Hokkaido
  • East Japan Railway Company
    (JR East)
  • Central Japan Railway Company
    (JR Central)
  • Central Japan Railway Company
    (JR West)
  • Shikoku Railway Company
    (JR Shikoku)
  • Kyushu Railway Company
    (JR Kyushu)

 

Tokyo Metro and Toei Subways ๆฑไบฌใƒกใƒˆใƒญ & ้ƒฝๅ–ถๅœฐไธ‹้‰„

 

The Tokyo subway is a part of the extensive rapid transit system that consists of Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway in the Greater Tokyo area of Japan. While the subway system itself is largely within the city center, the lines extend far out via extensive through services onto suburban railway lines.

 

  • Toei Asakusa Line ้ƒฝๅ–ถๆต…่‰็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญๆ—ฅๆฏ”่ฐท็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Ginza Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญ้Š€ๅบง็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญไธธใƒŽๅ†…็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Tลzai Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญๆฑ่ฅฟ็ทš
  • Toei Mita Line ้ƒฝๅ–ถไธ‰็”ฐ็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Namboku Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญๅ—ๅŒ—็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Yลซrakuchล Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญๆœ‰ๆฅฝ็”บ็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญๅƒไปฃ็”ฐ็ทš
  • Toei Shinjuku Line ้ƒฝๅ–ถๆ–ฐๅฎฟ็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Hanzลmon Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญๅŠ่”ต้–€็ทš
  • Toei ลŒedo Line ้ƒฝๅ–ถๅคงๆฑŸๆˆธ็ทš
  • Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line ใƒกใƒˆใƒญๅ‰ฏ้ƒฝๅฟƒ็ทš

 

Tokyo Yamanote Line ๆฑไบฌๅฑฑๆ‰‹็ทš

 

The Yamanote Line (ๅฑฑๆ‰‹็ทš Yamanote-sen) is a railway loop line in Tokyo, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). It is one of Tokyo’s busiest and most important lines, connecting most of Tokyo’s major stations and urban centers, including Marunouchi, the Yลซrakuchล/Ginza area, Shinagawa, Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro and Ueno, with all but two of its 29 stations connecting to other railway or underground (subway) lines.

 

  • Shinagawa ๅ“ๅท
  • ลŒsaki ๅคงๅดŽ
  • Gotanda ไบ”ๅ็”ฐ
  • Meguro ็›ฎ้ป’
  • Ebisu ๆตๆฏ”ๅฏฟ
  • Shibuya ๆธ‹่ฐท
  • Harajuku ๅŽŸๅฎฟ
  • Yoyogi ไปฃใ€…ๆœจ
  • Shinjuku ๆ–ฐๅฎฟ
  • Shin-ลŒkubo ๆ–ฐๅคงไน…ไฟ
  • Takadanobaba ้ซ˜็”ฐ้ฆฌๅ ด
  • Mejiro ็›ฎ็™ฝ
  • Ikebukuro ๆฑ ่ข‹
  • ลŒtsuka ๅคงๅกš
  • Sugamo ๅทฃ้ดจ
  • Komagome ้ง’่พผ
  • Tabata ็”ฐ็ซฏ
  • Nishi-Nippori ่ฅฟๆ—ฅๆšฎ้‡Œ
  • Nippori ๆ—ฅๆšฎ้‡Œ
  • Uguisudani ้ถฏ่ฐท
  • Ueno ไธŠ้‡Ž
  • Okachimachi ๅพกๅพ’็”บ
  • Akihabara ็ง‹่‘‰ๅŽŸ
  • Kanda ็ฅž็”ฐ
  • Tokyo ๆฑไบฌ
  • Yลซrakuchล ๆœ‰ๆฅฝ็”บ
  • Shimbashi ๆ–ฐๆฉ‹
  • Hamamatsuchล ๆตœๆพ็”บ
  • Tamachi ็”ฐ็”บ
  • Takanawa Gateway ้ซ˜่ผชใ‚ฒใƒผใƒˆใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚ค

 

Tokyo Chลซล Main Line ไธญๅคฎๆœฌ็ทš

Between Tokyo and Shinjuku ๆฑไบฌ้ง…ใƒผๆ–ฐๅฎฟ้ง…

 

The Chลซล Main Line (ไธญๅคฎๆœฌ็ทš), commonly called the Chลซล Line, is one of the major trunk railway lines in Japan. It connects Tokyo and Nagoya, although it is the slowest direct railway connection between the two cities; the coastal Tลkaidล Main Line is slightly faster, and the Tลkaidล Shinkansen is the fastest rail link between the cities.

 

The Chลซล Main Line connects Tokyo to Shinjuku by direct route instead of having to go around the loop, Yamanote Line.

  • Tokyo ๆฑไบฌใ€€Chลซล Line Station
  • Kanda ็ฅž็”ฐใ€€Chลซล Line Station
  • Ocyanomizu ๅพก่ŒถใƒŽๆฐดใ€€Chลซล Line Station
    • Suidobashi ๆฐด้“ๆฉ‹ใ€€Local Chลซล Line & Sobu Line Station
    • Iidabashi ้ฃฏ็”ฐๆฉ‹ใ€€Local Chลซล Line & Sobu Line Station
    • Ichigaya ๅธ‚ใƒถ่ฐทใ€€Local Chลซล Line & Sobu Line Station
  • Yotsuya ๅ››่ฐทใ€€Chลซล Line Station
    • Shinanomachi ไฟกๆฟƒ็”บใ€€Local Chลซล Line & Sobu Line Station
    • Seandagaya ๅƒ้ง„ใƒถ่ฐทใ€€Local Chลซล Line & Sobu Line Station
  • Yoyogi ไปฃใ€…ๆœจใ€€Chลซล Line Station
  • Shinjuku ๆ–ฐๅฎฟใ€€Chลซล Line Station

 

Air Travel

 

> Airlines

 

Followings are the major international airlines of Japan.

 

Japan Airlines

 

Japan Airlines Co., Ltd., also known as Nikkล, is the flag carrier airline of Japan. It is headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, and its main hubs are Tokyo’s Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport, as well as Osaka’s Kansai International Airport and Osaka International Airport.

 

https://www.jal.com/en/

 

All Nippon Airways

 

All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd., also known as Zennikkลซ or ANA, is the largest airline in Japan on the basis of fleet size. Its headquarters are located at Shiodome City Center in the Shiodome area of Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

 

https://www.ana.co.jp

 

 

> Airports

 

Followings are the major international airports in Japan.

 

Tokyo International Airport HND

 

Tokyo International Airport, commonly known as Haneda Airport, Tokyo Haneda Airport, and Haneda International Airport, is one of the two primary airports that serve the Greater Tokyo Area.

 

Number of passengers as of 2018: 85,408,975

 

http://www.tokyo-airport-bldg.co.jp

 

Access to Tokyo Metro Area

  • By Train
    • Metro Tokyo Area 400 ~ 700 yen
  • By Monorail
    • To Japan Rail Hamamatsu Cho 450 yen
  • By Bus
    • Metro Tokyo Area 500 ~ 2,000 yen
  • By Taxi
    • Metro Tokyo Area 5,000 ~ 9,000 yen

 

 

Narita International Aiport NRT

 

Narita International Airport, also known as Tokyo Narita Airport, formerly and originally known as New Tokyo International Airport, is an international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan.

 

Number of passengers as of 2017: 40,512,594

 

https://www.narita-airport.jp

 

Access to Tokyo Metro Area

  • By Train
    • Metro Tokyo Area 1,500 ~ 4,000 yen
  • By Bus
    • Metro Tokyo Area 1,200 ~ 3,500 yen
  • By Taxi
    • Metro Tokyo Area 20,000 ~ yen

 

Kansai International Airport KIX

 

Kansai International Airport is an international airport located on an artificial island in the middle of Osaka Bay off the Honshu shore, 38 km southwest of ลŒsaka Station, located within three municipalities, including Izumisano, Sennan, and Tajiri, in Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

 

Number of passengers as of 2017: 27,987,564

 

https://www.kansai-airport.or.jp

 

Access to Osaka Metro Area

  • By Train
    • Osaka Station and Surroundings 900 ~ 1,200 yen
  • By Bus
    • Osaka Station and Surroundings 1,500 ~ 2,000 yen
  • By Taxi
    • Osaka Station and Surroundings 17,000 ~ yen

 

Chubu Centrair International Airport NGO

 

Chubu Centrair International Airport is an international airport on an artificial island in Ise Bay, Tokoname City in Aichi Prefecture, 35 km south of Nagoya in central Japan. Centrair is classified as a first class airport and is the main international gateway for the Chubu region of Japan.

 

Number of passengers as of 2018: 12,043,636

 

https://www.centrair.jp

 

Access to Nagoya Station Area

  • By Train
    • Nagoya Station and Surroundings 900 ~ 1,300 yen
  • By Bus
    • Nagoya Station and Surroundings 1,500 yen
  • By Taxi
    • Nagoya Station and Surroundings 14,000 ~ yen

 

Fukuoka Airport FUK

 

Fukuoka Airport, formerly known as Itazuke Air Base, is an international and domestic airport located 1.6 NM east of Hakata Station in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka, Japan. Fukuoka Airport is the principal airport on the island of Kyushu and is the fourth busiest passenger airport in Japan.

 

Number of passengers as of 2018: 20,968,463

 

http://www.fuk-ab.co.jp

 

Access to Hakata Station Area

  • By Train
    • Hakata Station and Surroundings 260 yen
  • By Bus
    • Hakata Station and Surroundings 260 yen
  • By Taxi
    • Hakata Station and Surroundings 1,200 ~ yen

 

Osaka International Airport ITM

 

Osaka International Airport, often referred to as Itami Airport is the primary regional airport for the Kansai region of Japan, including the major cities of Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe. It is classified as a first class airport.

 

Number of passengers as of 2015: 14,541,936

 

https://www.osaka-airport.co.jp

 

Access to Osaka Station Area

  • By Train
    • Osaka Station and Surroundings 420 yen
  • By Bus
    • Osaka Station and Surroundings 400 ~ yen
  • By Taxi
    • Osaka Station and Surroundings 18,000 ~ yen

 

Other Topics

 

> Interrogatives + ใ‹

 

็–‘ๅ•่ฉž (ใŽใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ—) = interrogatives

็–‘ๅ•่ฉžใ€€๏ผ‹ใ€€ใ‹ V ใพใ™

 

ใ€Œinterrogatives + ใ‹ใ€ indicates an unspecified object, time or location.

 

  • ๅ†ฌไผ‘ใฟใซใฉใ“ใ‹ใธ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚
    ใตใ‚†ใ‚„ใ™ใฟใซใฉใ“ใ‹ใธใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚
    Did you go somewhere during winter break?
  • ไฝ•ใ‹้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใชใซใ‹ใŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    Why donโ€™t we eat something?
  • ใชใœใ‹ๆญฃใ—ใ„็ญ”ใˆใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚Šใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใชใœใ‹ใŸใ ใ—ใ„ใ“ใŸใˆใŒใฟใคใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    For some reason I canโ€™t find the correct answer.
  • ใ‚ใใ“ใซ่ชฐใ‹ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใใ“ใซใ ใ‚Œใ‹ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    There is someone over there.

 

Particles are preceded by ใ€Œinterrogatives + ใ‹ใ€.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๅ†ฌไผ‘ใฟ ใตใ‚†ใ‚„ใ™ใฟ Winter Break
่กŒใ ใ„ใ Go
ไฝ• ใชใซ What
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ ใŸในใ‚‹ To Eat
ๆญฃใ—ใ„ ใŸใ ใ—ใ„ Correct
็ญ”ใˆ ใ“ใŸใˆ Answer
่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ ใฟใคใ‘ใ‚‹ To Find

 

> Interrogatives +ใ‚‚

 

็–‘ๅ•่ฉž (ใŽใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ—) = interrogatives

็–‘ๅ•่ฉžใ€€๏ผ‹ใ€€ใ‚‚ V ใพใ›ใ‚“

 

his sentence pattern is used when negating the target, time or place.

 

  • ใŠ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใฃใŸใจใใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใŠใ‹ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใ„ใฃใŸใจใใ€ใชใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
    When I went shopping, I didnโ€™t buy anything.
  • ๅ†ฌไผ‘ใฟใซใฉใ“ใซใ‚‚่กŒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใตใ‚†ใ‚„ใ™ใฟใซใฉใ“ใซใ‚‚ใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
    I did not go anywhere during winter vacation.
  • ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚็”จไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€ใชใซใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ†ใ˜ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    I do not have any plans tomorrow.
  • ่ชฐใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ ใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    There is no one there.

 

Particles are placed between interrogatives and ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ€.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ใŠ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉ ใŠใ‹ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎ Shopping
่กŒใ ใ„ใ To Go
ไฝ•ใ‚‚ ใชใซใ‚‚ Anything
่ฒทใ† ใ‹ใ† To Buy
ๅ†ฌไผ‘ใฟ ใตใ‚†ใ‚„ใ™ใฟ Winter Break
ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ ใ‚ใ—ใŸ Tomorrow
็”จไบ‹ ใ‚ˆใ†ใ˜ Things to do
่ชฐ ใ ใ‚Œ Who

 

> Vใ“ใจ

 

V: ่พžๆ›ธๅฝข (ใ˜ใ—ใ‚‡ใ‘ใ„) ๏ผšDictionary Form

V ใ“ใจ

 

ใ€Œใ“ใจใ€ attaches to the dictionary form of a verb and transforms it into a nominal form. It can become a component of a sentence like nouns can.

 

  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ่ถฃๅ‘ณใฏ้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใจๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎใ—ใ‚…ใฟใฏใŠใ‚“ใŒใใ‚’ใใใ“ใจใจใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Šใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
    My hobbies are listening to music and cooking.
  • ๅ‹้”ใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’้€ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใซใฆใŒใฟใ‚’ใŠใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ™ใใงใ™ใ€‚
    I like sending letters to my friends.
  • ใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ใฒใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
    I can play the piano.
  • ๅฆนใฏๆณณใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจใฏใŠใ‚ˆใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    My little sister cannot swim.

 

Verbs in ใ€ŒV ใ“ใจใ€ can accompany ใ€ŒN ใ‚’ใ€ใ€ŒN ใงใ€ or ใ€ŒN ใซใ€.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
่ถฃๅ‘ณ ใ—ใ‚…ใฟ Hobbies
้Ÿณๆฅฝ ใŠใ‚“ใŒใ Music
่žใ ใใ To Listen
ๆ–™็† ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Š Cooking
ๅ‹้” ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก Friend
ๆ‰‹็ด™ ใฆใŒใฟ Letter
้€ใ‚‹ ใŠใใ‚‹ To Send
ๅฅฝใ ใ™ใ Like
ๅผพใ ใฒใ To Play an Instrument
ๅฆน ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจ Little Sister
ๆณณใ ใŠใ‚ˆใ To Swim

 

> V + N

 

N1 ใŒ V N2

 

ใ€ŒN1ใ€ใŒ V modifies N2, becoming a component of the sentence as a noun.

 

  • ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใŸใ—ใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸไฝœๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใŸใ—ใŒใ‹ใ„ใŸใ•ใใถใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
    This is the essay that I wrote.
  • ๅ…ˆ้€ฑๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ€Ÿใ‚ŠใŸๆœฌใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใจใ—ใ‚‡ใ‹ใ‚“ใงใ‹ใ‚ŠใŸใปใ‚“ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
    The book I borrowed last week was very interesting.
  • ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸ็ด™ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ“ใŸใˆใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸใ‹ใฟใ‚’ใ ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please turn in the paper you wrote your answer on.
  • ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใง่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใใฎใ†ใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใงใฟใŸใ‚ธใƒฃใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    I bought the jacket I saw at the department store yesterday.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆ›ธใ ใ‹ใ To Write
ไฝœๆ–‡ ใ•ใใถใ‚“ Essay
ๅ…ˆ้€ฑ ใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ† Last Week
ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจ ใจใ—ใ‚‡ใ‹ใ‚“ Library
ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‹ ใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚‹ To Borrow
ๆœฌ ใปใ‚“ Book
็ญ”ใˆ ใ“ใŸใˆ Answer
็ด™ ใ‹ใฟ Paper
ๅ‡บใ™ ใ ใ™ To Turn In
ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ ใใฎใ† Yesterday
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใฟใ‚‹ To See
่ฒทใ† ใ‹ใ† To Buy

 

> ใ‚“ใงใ™

 

S ใ‚“ ใงใ™

 

This sentence pattern is used for asking or stating a condition, for asking for or stating details, or for introductory remarks for a request, an invitation or for asking information.

 

  • ๅˆ‡ๆ‰‹ใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€่ฟ‘ใใซ้ƒตไพฟๅฑ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใใฃใฆใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใกใ‹ใใซใ‚†ใ†ใณใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    I’d like to buy a stamp. Is there a post office nearby?
  • ๆญฏใŒ็—›ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใฏใŒใ„ใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
    I have a toothache.
  • ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’้€ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’ใŠใใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใ‚’ใคใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    I’d like to send an email so may I use your computer
  • ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใชใซใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    What are you doing?

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๅˆ‡ๆ‰‹ ใใฃใฆ Stamp
่ฒทใ† ใ‹ใ† To Buy
่ฟ‘ใ ใกใ‹ใ Nearby
้ƒตไพฟๅฑ€ ใ‚†ใ†ใณใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ Post Office
ๆญฏ ใฏ Tooth
็—›ใ„ ใ„ใŸใ„ Ache/Pain
้€ใ‚‹ ใŠใใ‚‹ To Send
ไฝฟใ† ใคใ‹ใ† To Use
ไฝ• ใชใซ What

 

> V ใชใ„ใง

 

V1 ใชใ„ใง V2 ใพใ™

 

ใ€ŒV1 ใชใ„ใงใ€ indicates the condition when the action V2 is taken, sometimes indicating that V1 is not taken.

 

  • ้›ป่ปŠใ‚’ไน—ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ€ๆญฉใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒใ‚’ใฎใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Letโ€™s walk instead of taking the train.
  • ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใง็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‡ใ‚’ใฟใชใ„ใงใ“ใŸใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please answer without looking at the textbook.
  • ๅคฉๆฐ—ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใงๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใฆใ‚“ใใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใˆใ„ใŒใ‚’ใฟใชใ„ใงใ“ใ†ใˆใ‚“ใซใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Since the weather is nice, letโ€™s go to the park instead of going to a movie.
  • ๆœ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใชใ„ใงๅญฆๆ กใธ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ‚‡ใใ‚’ใŸในใชใ„ใงใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใธใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    I went to school without eating breakfast.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
้›ป่ปŠ ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ Train
ไน—ใ‚‹ ใฎใ‚‹ To Ride
ๆญฉใ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ To Walk
ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธ ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‡ Textbook
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใฟใ‚‹ To Look
ๅคฉๆฐ— ใฆใ‚“ใ Weather
ๆ˜ ็”ป ใˆใใŒ Movie
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใฟใ‚‹ To Watch
ๅ…ฌๅœ’ ใ“ใ†ใˆใ‚“ Park
ๆœ้ฃŸ ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ‚‡ใ Breakfast
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ ใŸในใ‚‹ To Eat
ๅญฆๆ ก ใŒใฃใ“ใ† School
่กŒใ ใ„ใ To Go

Interactions

 

> N ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„

 

ใ€ŒN ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€is used when asking for an object.

 

N ใ‚’ ใใ ใ•ใ„
ใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹

 

  • ใ“ใฎ็”บใฎๅœฐๅ›ณใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ“ใฎใพใกใฎใกใšใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    Could I have a map of this town? (Polite)
  • ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใใฎ้’ใ„่Šฑใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใใฎใ‚ใŠใ„ใฏใชใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Excuse me, can I please have that blue flower๏ผŸ
  • ใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใ‚’ไบŒใคใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใ‚’ใตใŸใคใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Can I have two colas?
  • ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Iโ€™ll have this one please.

 

ใ€ŒN ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€can be used for shopping, ordering in a restaurant, or for trying to get an item that the speaker has the right to request.
If the speaker wants to politely request something that is to their own benefit, they should use ใ€ŒN ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
็”บ ใพใก Town
ๅœฐๅ›ณ ใกใš Map
้’ ใ‚ใŠ Blue
่Šฑ ใฏใช Flower
ไบŒใค ใตใŸใค 2 (Generic Counter)

 

> V ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†

 

V ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†

 

This structure is used to invite someone to do something together or to accept an invitation.

 

  • ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซใ‹ใˆใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Letโ€™s go home together.
  • ๆญŒใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใ†ใŸใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Letโ€™s sing.
  • ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“ใฎในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Letโ€™s study for our exams.
  • ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ใŠ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€ใŠใ‹ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Letโ€™s go shopping tomorrow.

 

V can be made by taking out ใ€Œใพใ™ใ€ from ใ€ŒV ใพใ™ใ€.
๏ฝขใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ฝฃ has a similar effect for inviting someone to do something.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๅธฐใ‚‹ ใ‹ใˆใ‚‹ To Return
ๆญŒใ† ใ†ใŸใ† To Sing
่ฉฆ้จ“ ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“ Exam
ๅ‹‰ๅผท ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ† Study
ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ ใ‚ใ—ใŸ
ใ‚ใ™
Tomorrow
ใŠ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉ ใŠใ‹ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎ Shopping
่กŒใ ใ„ใ Go

 

> V ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹

 

V ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹

 

This sentence pattern is used for inviting someone to do something together.

 

  • ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใซใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    Shall we go to school together?
  • ๅœŸๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎๅˆๅพŒใ€ใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใฉใ‚ˆใ†ใณใฎใ”ใ”ใ€ใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    Do you want to play tennis Saturday afternoon?
  • ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซ้ƒจๆดปใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซใถใ‹ใคใซใฏใ„ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    Why donโ€™t we enter the same club?
  • ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    Why donโ€™t we study?

 

V can be made by taking out ใ€Œใพใ™ใ€ from ใ€ŒV ใพใ™ใ€.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๅญฆๆ ก ใŒใฃใ“ใ† School
่กŒใ ใ„ใ Go
ๅœŸๆ›œๆ—ฅ ใฉใ‚ˆใ†ใณ Saturday
ๅˆๅพŒ ใ”ใ” Afternoon
้ƒจๆดป ใถใ‹ใค School Club
ๅ…ฅใ‚‹ ใฏใ„ใ‚‹ Enter
Join
ๅ‹‰ๅผท ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ† Study

 

> V ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„

 

V ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„
ใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹

 

ใ€ŒV ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€is used to request the listener to perform an action.

 

  • ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ‚‚ใ†ใ„ใกใฉใ›ใคใ‚ใ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
    Could you please explain one more time?
  • ็ช“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใพใฉใ‚’ใ‚ใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Could you open the window?
  • ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ—ใฎไผš่ฉฑใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ—ใฎใ‹ใ„ใ‚ใ‚’ใใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please listen to the conversation on the tape.
  • ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๆ—ฉใๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใฏใ‚„ใใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please arrive a little earlier tomorrow.

 

ใ€ŒV ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€ is used for requesting something to be beneficial to the speaker in a polite manner.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ ใ‚‚ใ†ใ„ใกใฉ One More Time
่ชฌๆ˜Ž ใ›ใคใ‚ใ„ Explain
็ช“ ใพใฉ Window
้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ ใ‚ใ‘ใ‚‹ To Open
ไผš่ฉฑ ใ‹ใ„ใ‚ Conversation
่žใ ใใ To Listen
ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ ใ‚ใ—ใŸ Tomorrow
ๆ—ฉใ„ ใฏใ‚„ใ„ Fast/Early
ๆฅใ‚‹ ใใ‚‹ To Come/To Arrive

 

> V ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™

 

V ใฆ ใ‚‚ ใ„ใ„ใงใ™
ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹

 

This structure is used to give permission to the listener to perform an action.

 

  • ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€ใˆใ„ใŒใ‚’ใฟใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    Itโ€™s okay to watch a movie tomorrow.
  • ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใฎใ“ใ‚Šใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’ใŸในใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Is it okay to eat the leftover cake?
  • ๅค–ใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใใจใซใงใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    Itโ€™s okay for you to go outside.
  • ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‹ใ‚Šใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Can I borrow this?

 

ใ€ŒV ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€is used to ask permission from the listener.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ ใ‚ใ—ใŸ Tomorrow
ๆ˜ ็”ป ใˆใ„ใŒ Movie
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใฟใ‚‹ To Watch
ๆฎ‹ใ‚Š ใฎใ“ใ‚Š Leftover
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ ใŸในใ‚‹ To Eat
ๅค– ใใจ Outside
ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ ใงใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ To Go Out
ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‹ ใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚‹ To Borrow

 

> V ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„

 

V ใชใ„ใง ใใ ใ•ใ„

 

This pattern is used to instruct someone to not do something.

 

  • ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใ‚’ใ‚ใ™ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please do not forget your textbook.
  • ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎใจใ่พžๆ›ธใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“ใฎใจใใ˜ใ—ใ‚‡ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Do not use a dictionary during the exam.
  • ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใงใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ‘ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ‚“ใ‚ใงใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please do not play games on your cell phone.
  • ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใพใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ใฎใพใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Donโ€™t drink coffee.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธ ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‡ Textbook
ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚ใ™ใ‚Œใ‚‹ To Forget
่ฉฆ้จ“ ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“ Exam
่พžๆ›ธ ใ˜ใ—ใ‚‡ Dictionary
ไฝฟใ† ใคใ‹ใ† To Use
ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑ ใ‘ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ‚“ใ‚ Cellular Phone
้ฃฒใ‚€ ใฎใ‚€ To Drink

 

> V ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“

 

V ใฆ ใฏ ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“

 

This sentence pattern indicates the prohibition of the action V.

 

  • ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ“ใฎใธใ‚„ใซใฏใ„ใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    You cannot enter this room.
  • ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ—ใ‚ƒใ—ใ‚“ใ‚’ใจใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    You are not allowed to take pictures.
  • ๅญไพ›ใฏใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใงใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ“ใฉใ‚‚ใฏใŠใ•ใ‘ใ‚’ใฎใ‚“ใงใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    Children are not allowed to drink alcohol.
  • ใชใœใ“ใ“ใงๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใชใœใ“ใ“ใงใ‘ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Why are we not allowed to use our cell phones here?

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
้ƒจๅฑ‹ ใธใ‚„ Room
ๅ…ฅใ‚‹ ใฏใ„ใ‚‹ To Enter
ๅ†™็œŸ ใ—ใ‚ƒใ—ใ‚“ Photograph
ๆ’ฎใ‚‹ ใจใ‚‹ To Take
ๅญไพ› ใ“ใฉใ‚‚ Children
ใŠ้…’ ใŠใ•ใ‘ Alcohol
้ฃฒใ‚€ ใฎใ‚€ To Drink
ไฝฟใ† ใคใ‹ใ† To Use

 

> V ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™

 

V ใŸใ“ใจ ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™

 

This pattern indicates that someone has experienced performing the action V.

 

  • ๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใซใปใ‚“ใซใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    I have travelled to Japan.
  • ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑใ‚’็™ปใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใตใ˜ใ•ใ‚“ใ‚’ใฎใผใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Have you ever climbed Mt. Fuji?
  • ๆตทๅค–ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ„ใซใ„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    Iโ€™ve never been abroad.
  • ใฆใ‚“ใทใ‚‰ใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใฆใ‚“ใทใ‚‰ใ‚’ใŸในใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    Iโ€™ve eaten tempura.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆ—ฅๆœฌ ใซใปใ‚“
ใซใฃใฝใ‚“
Japan
ๆ—…่กŒ ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ“ใ† Travel
ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑ ใตใ˜ใ•ใ‚“ Mt. Fuji
็™ปใ‚‹ ใฎใผใ‚‹ To Climb
ๆตทๅค– ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ„ Abroad
่กŒใใ“ใจ ใ„ใใ“ใจ Have Gone
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ ใŸในใ‚‹ To Eat

Opinions

 

> N ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™๏ผˆN ใŒใ™ใใงใ™๏ผ‰

 

N1 ใฏ N2 ใŒ ใ™ใ ใงใ™
ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“

 

This pattern is used for stating N1โ€™s likes and dislikes.

 

  • ๆญดๅฒใฎๆŽˆๆฅญใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚Œใใ—ใฎใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใ™ใใงใ™ใ€‚
    I like history class.
  • ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆ•ฐๅญฆใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ™ใ†ใŒใใŒใ™ใใงใ™ใ€‚
    Tanaka-san likes mathematics.
  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใŒใ™ใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    I don’t like sports.
  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใŠ้…’ใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใŠใ•ใ‘ใŒใ™ใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    I do not like Sake.

 

In cases when it is understood what N1 and N2 are, ใ€ŒN1ใฏใ€ and ใ€ŒN2 ใŒใ€are sometimes omitted.
In the spoken form, ใ€Œใ™ใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€often becomesใ€Œใ™ใใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€.
ใ€Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใ€is another way to express dislike.
ใ€Œใ™ใใ€ is a ใช adjective (as is ใ€Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใ€).
Another way to askใ€Œไฝ•ใŒใ™ใใงใ™ใ‹ใ€is ใ€Œใ™ใใช๏ผฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆญดๅฒ ใ‚Œใใ— History
ๆŽˆๆฅญ ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ† Class
ๆ•ฐๅญฆ ใ™ใ†ใŒใ Mathematics
ใŠ้…’ ใŠใ•ใ‘ Sake

 

> N ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™๏ผˆN ใŒใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™๏ผ‰

 

N ใŒ ใปใ—ใ„ ใงใ™

 

This sentence pattern expresses the speakerโ€™s desire to have something.

 

  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒใŒใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    I want a new bicycle.
  • ใŠ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใซไฝ•ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใŠใŸใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใณใซใชใซใŒใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    What do you want for your birthday?
  • ่ปŠใŒๆฌฒใ—ใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใใ‚‹ใพใŒใปใ—ใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    I do not want a car.
  • ใฉใ‚ŒใŒใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Which one do you want?

 

ใ€Œใปใ—ใ„ใ€ is treated like a ใ„ adjective. The conjugation is the same as other ใ„ adjectives.
In cases when it is understood what N is, ใ€ŒNใŒใ€ can be omitted.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ New
่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ Bicycle
่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅ ใŸใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใณ Birthday
ไฝ• ใชใซ What
่ปŠ ใใ‚‹ใพ Car

 

> V ใ“ใจ/N ใŒใงใใพใ™

 

N ใŒ ใงใใพใ™
V ใ“ใจ

 

This sentence pattern indicates that N or ใ€ŒV ใ“ใจใ€is possible.

 

  • ใ‚ใ‚Œใงๅค–ๅ›ฝใซ้›ป่ฉฑใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใ‚ŒใงใŒใ„ใ“ใใซใงใ‚“ใ‚ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Can I make an overseas call with that?
  • 5ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝ“่‚ฒ้คจใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
    5ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚‰ใŸใ„ใ„ใใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
    You can use the gymnasium from 5 oโ€™ clock.
  • ่ปŠใฎ้‹่ปขใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใใ‚‹ใพใฎใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Can you drive a car?
  • ๅพŒใง็ทด็ฟ’ใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใจใง ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
    I cannot practice later.

 

ใ€ŒV ใ“ใจใ€ is an action which the subject can perform.
N is the noun which appears in โ€œNโ€ as in ใ€ŒN ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€.
In cases when it is understood what N and ใ€ŒV ใ“ใจใ€ are, ใ€ŒN ใŒใ€ and ใ€ŒV ใ“ใจใŒใ€ may be omitted.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๅค–ๅ›ฝ ใŒใ„ใ“ใ Overseas
้›ป่ฉฑ ใงใ‚“ใ‚ Phone
5ๆ™‚ ใ”ใ˜ 5 o’clock
ไฝ“่‚ฒ้คจ ใŸใ„ใ„ใใ‹ใ‚“ Gymnasium
ไฝฟใ† ใคใ‹ใ† To Use
่ปŠ ใใ‚‹ใพ Car
้‹่ปข ใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“ Drive
ๅพŒ ใ‚ใจ Later
็ทด็ฟ’ ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ† Practice

 

> V ใŸใ„ใงใ™

 

V ใŸใ„ ใงใ™

 

This pattern is used to indicate the speakerโ€™s wish or desire.

 

  • ไปŠๅบฆใฎไผ‘ใฟใซๅ‹้”ใจๆ—…่กŒใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ“ใ‚“ใฉใฎใ‚„ใ™ใฟใซใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใจใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ“ใ†ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    I’d like to travel with my friends during the next holiday.
  • ๅฐ†ๆฅใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚‰ใ„ใ€ใชใซใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    What do you want to do in the future?
  • ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    Because I want to buy a computer, I got a part time job.
  • ไปŠๆ™ฉใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ—ใŸใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ“ใ‚“ใฐใ‚“ใ€ใชใซใ‚‚ใ—ใŸใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    I donโ€™t feel like doing anything tonight.

 

V is the stem of the verb, and can be made by taking outใ€Œใพใ™ใ€ from ใ€ŒV ใพใ™ใ€. 
ใ€ŒใŸใ„ใ€ is conjugated in the same way as ใ„ adjectives.
ใ€ŒV ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ is used for asking the listenerโ€™s wish or desire.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ไปŠๅบฆ ใ“ใ‚“ใฉ Next
ไผ‘ใฟ ใ‚„ใ™ใฟ Holiday
ๅ‹้” ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก Friend
ๆ—…่กŒ ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ“ใ† Travel
ๅฐ†ๆฅ ใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚‰ใ„ Future
ไฝ• ใชใซ What
่ฒทใ† ใ‹ใ† To Buy
ใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆ Part Time Job
Arbeit๏ผˆGerman)
ๅ–ใ‚‹ ใจใ‚‹ To Take
ไปŠๆ™ฉ ใ“ใ‚“ใฐใ‚“ This Evening
ไฝ•ใ‚‚ ใชใซใ‚‚ Anything

 

> ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™๏ผˆใจใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™๏ผ‰

 

S ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™

 

This sentence pattern is used for stating the speakerโ€™s opinion.

 

  • ๆกœใฎ่Šฑใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ„ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ•ใใ‚‰ใฎใฏใชใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ„ใ ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    I think the cherry blossom flowers are very pretty.
  • ไปŠๅนดใ€้›ชใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ“ใจใ—ใ€ใ‚†ใใŒใตใ‚‹ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Do you think snow will fall this year?
  • ๆญŒ่ˆžไผŽใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‹ใถใใฏใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ„ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    I think kabuki is interesting.
  • ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ชฐใฎใ‹ใฐใ‚“ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ ใ‚Œใฎใ‹ใฐใ‚“ใ ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Who do you think this bag belongs to?

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆกœ ใ•ใใ‚‰ Cherry Blossom
่Šฑ ใฏใช Flower
ไปŠๅนด ใ“ใจใ— This Year
้›ช ใ‚†ใ Snow
้™ใ‚‹ ใตใ‚‹ To Fall
ๆญŒ่ˆžไผŽ ใ‹ใถใ Kabuki (Theatre)
้ข็™ฝใ„ ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ„ Interesting
่ชฐใฎ ใ ใ‚Œใฎ Whose
ใ‹ใฐใ‚“ ใ‹ใฐใ‚“ Bag

 

> S ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†

 

S ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†

 

This pattern is used to make inferences about events.

 

  • ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฏใฆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ใญใฆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    They are probably already sleeping.
  • ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ๆˆ็ธพใ‚’ๅ–ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใ›ใ„ใ›ใใ‚’ใจใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Because I studied, I probably got a good grade.
  • ๅˆๅพŒ7ๆ™‚ใซๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใ”ใ”ใ—ใกใ˜ใซใฏใ˜ใพใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    It should begin at around 7 at night.
  • ๅ…„ใฏไฝ“่‚ฒ้คจใซใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใซใฏใŸใ„ใ„ใใ‹ใ‚“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    My elder brother should be in the gymnasium.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๅฏใ‚‹ ใญใ‚‹ To Sleep
ๅ‹‰ๅผท ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ† Study
ๆˆ็ธพ ใ›ใ„ใ›ใ Grades
ๅ–ใ‚‹ ใจใ‚‹ To Get/Take
ๅˆๅพŒ7ๆ™‚ ใ”ใ”ใ—ใกใ˜ 7:00PM
ๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ ใฏใ˜ใพใ‚‹ To Start
ๅ…„ ใ‚ใซ Elder Brother
ไฝ“่‚ฒ้คจ ใŸใ„ใ„ใใ‹ใ‚“ Gymnasium

 

> V ใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™

 

V ใŸ
V ใชใ„
ใปใ† ใŒ ใ„ใ„ ใงใ™

 

  • ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใพใงๅพ…ใŸใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚
    ใ—ใ‚…ใใ ใ„ใ‚’ใŠใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ•ใ„ใ”ใพใงใพใŸใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚
    It is better not wait until the end to finish your homework.
  • ๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฃใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‹ใ•ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใฃใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    It is better if you take an umbrella.
  • ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚’่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚’ใ‹ใ‚ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Is it better to not buy the new computer?
  • ใ“ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ“ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’ใŸในใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Should I eat this cake?

 

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๅฎฟ้กŒ ใ—ใ‚…ใใ ใ„ Homework
็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใŠใ‚ใ‚‹ Finish
ๆœ€ๅพŒ ใ•ใ„ใ” Last/End
ๅพ…ใค ใพใค To Wait
ๅ‚˜ ใ‹ใ• Umbrella
ๆŒใค ใ‚‚ใค To Hold
ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฃใŸ ใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใฃใŸ To Bring
ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ New
่ฒทใ† ใ‹ใ† To Buy
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ ใŸในใ‚‹ To Eat

Location And Time

 

> N ใฏ N ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™/ใ„ใพใ™

 

ใ‚‚ใฎ: inanimate things / N2: location

N1
ใ€Œใ‚‚ใฎใ€
ใฏ N2 ใซ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™

 

็”Ÿ(ใ„)ใใ‚‚ใฎ: living creatures

N1
ใ€Œ็”Ÿใใ‚‚ใฎใ€
ใฏ N2 ใซ ใ„ใพใ™

 

This pattern is used for asking or explaining the location of inanimate things or living creatures.

 

  • 1ๅนด็”Ÿใฎๆ•™ๅฎคใฏ2้šŽใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ„ใกใญใ‚“ใ›ใ„ใฎใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใคใฏใซใ‹ใ„ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    The classrooms for the first year students are in the second floor.
  • ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ใฏใจใ—ใ‚‡ใ‹ใ‚“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    The teacher is in the library.
  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ็Šฌใฏ่ปŠใฎไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎใ„ใฌใฏใใ‚‹ใพใฎใชใ‹ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    My dog is in the car.
  • ใพใ‚Šใ•ใ‚“ใฎ็Œซใฏ็ฎฑใฎไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใพใ‚Šใ•ใ‚“ใฎใญใ“ใฏใฏใ“ใฎใชใ‹ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    Mari-sanโ€™s cat is in the box.

 

When asking about the location, ใ€Œใฉใ“ใ€ is used. In cases where it is understood what N1 is, ใ€Œ๏ผฎ๏ผ‘ใฏใ€is sometimes omitted.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
๏ผ‘ๅนด็”Ÿ ใ„ใกใญใ‚“ใ›ใ„ 1st year student
ๆ•™ๅฎค ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใค Classroom
๏ผ’้šŽ ใซใ‹ใ„ 2nd floor
ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ Teacher
ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจ ใจใ—ใ‚‡ใ‹ใ‚“ Library
็Šฌ ใ„ใฌ Dog
่ปŠ ใใ‚‹ใพ Car
ไธญ ใชใ‹ Inside
็Œซ ใญใ“ Cat
็ฎฑ ใฏใ“ Box
ไธญ ใชใ‹ Inside

 

> N ใซ N ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™/ใ„ใพใ™

 

ใ‚‚ใฎ: inanimate things / N1: location

N1 ใซ N2
ใ€Œใ‚‚ใฎใ€
ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™

็”Ÿ(ใ„)ใใ‚‚ใฎ: living creatures

N1 ใซ N1
ใ€Œ็”Ÿใใ‚‚ใฎใ€
ใŒ ใ„ใพใ™

 

This pattern is used for asking or explaining the existing place of inanimate things or living creatures.

 

  • ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎใใฐใซ้›ป่ฉฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎใใฐใซใงใ‚“ใ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    There is a telephone by the door.
  • ๅฑ‹ไธŠใซไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใŠใใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใซใชใซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    What is on the roof?
  • ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ทใƒƒใ‚ฏใฎCDใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ทใƒƒใ‚ฏใฎCDใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Do you have CDs of classical music?
  • ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใงใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใใฎใ†ใ€ใ“ใ†ใˆใ‚“ใงใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    Yesterday, there was a rock concert at the park.

 

In cases when it is understood where N1 is, ใ€ŒN1ใซใ€is sometimes omitted.
Sometimes, if discussing an event, ใ€Œใงใ€is used to indicate the place instead ofใ€Œใซใ€, with the same sentence form.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
้›ป่ฉฑ ใงใ‚“ใ‚ Telephone
ๅฑ‹ไธŠ ใŠใใ˜ใ‚‡ใ† Roof
ไฝ• ใชใซ What
ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ ใใฎใ† Yesterday
ๅ…ฌๅœ’ ใ“ใ†ใˆใ‚“ Park

 

> ใ‚‚ใ†ใƒปใพใ 

 

ใ‚‚ใ†
ใพใ 
V
A
AN
N
ใพใ  ใ‚‚ใ†
ๆœชๅฎŒไบ†
ๅค‰ๅŒ–ๅ‰
ๅฎŒไบ†
ๅค‰ๅŒ–ๅพŒ

 

ใพใ ๏ผšๆœชๅฎŒไบ†๏ผˆใฟใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ‰๏ผBefore Completion
ๅค‰ๅŒ–ๅ‰๏ผˆใธใ‚“ใ‹ใพใˆ๏ผ‰๏ผBefore Being Changed
ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผšๅฎŒไบ†๏ผˆใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ‰๏ผCompleted
ๅค‰ๅŒ–ๅพŒ๏ผˆใธใ‚“ใ‹ใ”๏ผ‰๏ผAfter Being Changed

Indicates the status of an action.ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ€ indicates that an action has been completed, whileใ€Œใพใ ใ€ indicates that an action was not completed.

 

  • ใ‚‚ใ†ๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚
    ใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚’ใŠใผใˆใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚
    Have you already memorized kanji?
  • ไธญๅฑฑใ•ใ‚“ใฎใŠๅ…„ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅคงๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    ใชใ‹ใ‚„ใพใ•ใ‚“ใฎใŠใซใ„ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ ใ„ใŒใใ›ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
    Is Nakayama-sanโ€™s elder brother already a university student?
  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใพใ ้ซ˜ๆ ก็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใพใ ใ“ใ†ใ“ใ†ใ›ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
    I am still a high school student.
  • ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใพใ ๆ•™ๅฎคใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ใฏใพใ ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใคใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    The teacher is still in the classroom.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆผขๅญ— ใ‹ใ‚“ใ˜ Kanji Characters
่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ ใŠใผใˆใ‚‹ To Memorize
ใŠๅ…„ใ•ใ‚“ ใŠใซใ„ใ•ใ‚“ Elder Brother
ๅคงๅญฆ็”Ÿ ใ ใ„ใŒใใ›ใ„ College Student
้ซ˜ๆ ก็”Ÿ ใ“ใ†ใ“ใ†ใ›ใ„ High School Student
ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ Teacher
ๆ•™ๅฎค ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใค Classroom

 

> V ใฆ V

 

V1 ใฆ V2 ใพใ™

 

ใ€ŒV ใฆใ€ connects two or more sentences, and is used for stating the sequence of actions. Chronologically, V1 will always occur before V2.

 

  • ใ‚ใใ“ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ€ใŠๅผๅฝ“ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใใ“ใซใ™ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ใŠในใ‚“ใจใ†ใ‚’ใŸในใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Letโ€™s sit down and have lunch over there.
  • ๅคงใใ„ๅฐ้ขจใŒๆฅใฆใ€ๅญฆๆ กใŒไผ‘ใฟใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใŠใŠใใ„ใŸใ„ใตใ†ใŒใใฆใ€ใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใŒใ‚„ใ™ใฟใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    School was closed as a big typhoon came.
  • ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ใใ„ใฆใ€ใซใปใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
    I study Japanese by listening to tapes.
  • ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆฑไบฌใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใฆใ€ๅฑฑๆœฌใ•ใ‚“ใฏๅคง้˜ชใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใจใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†ใซใ™ใ‚“ใงใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚„ใพใ‚‚ใจใ•ใ‚“ใฏใŠใŠใ•ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    Tanaka-san lives in Tokyo and Yamamoto-san lives in Osaka.

 

Besides stating the sequence of actions, this sentence pattern could be to state the condition of the subject when an action is taken.
Also, this sentence pattern can express the methods or means used to carry out the action, as well as cause and effect.
Additionally, this can connect multiple actions performed by different people.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๅบงใ‚‹ ใ™ใ‚ใ‚‹ To Sit
ใŠๅผๅฝ“ ใŠในใ‚“ใจใ† Bento (Lunch)
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ ใŸในใ‚‹ To Eat
ๅคงใใ„ ใŠใŠใใ„ Large
ๅฐ้ขจ ใŸใ„ใตใ† Typhoon
ๆฅใ‚‹ ใใ‚‹ To Come
ๅญฆๆ ก ใŒใฃใ“ใ† School
ไผ‘ใฟ ใ‚„ใ™ใฟ On Break
่žใ ใใ To Listen
ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž ใซใปใ‚“ใ” Japanese
ๅ‹‰ๅผท ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ† To Study
ๆฑไบฌ ใจใ†ใใ‚‡ใ† Tokyo
ไฝใ‚€ ใ™ใ‚€ To Reside
ๅคง้˜ช ใŠใŠใ•ใ‹ Osaka

 

> V ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰

 

N1 ใŒ V๏ผ‘ใฆ ใ‹ใ‚‰ N2 ใฏ
ใŒ
V2 ใพใ™

 

This sentence pattern is used for stating sequential relation of two actions or incidents, and that V1 happened before V2.

 

  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใŸใกใฏใ€้›จใŒใ‚„ใ‚“ใงใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ฉฆๅˆใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใŸใกใฏใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใŒใ‚„ใ‚“ใงใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ—ใ‚ใ„ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    We had a match after the rain stopped.
  • ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ๆญฏใ‚’็ฃจใ„ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฏใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ใฏใ‚’ใฟใŒใ„ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใญใพใ™ใ€‚
    Tanaka-san goes to bed after brushing his teeth.
  • ๅญฆๆ กใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ่—คใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใŒใŠใ‚ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ•ใจใ†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
    Sato-san works part-time after school is over.
  • ๅฑฑๆœฌใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ๅœฐๅ›ณใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ‚„ใพใ‚‚ใจใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ใกใšใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ›ใคใ‚ใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    Yamamoto-san gave explanations after drawing a map.

 

ใ€ŒN2 ใฏใ€can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
้›จ ใ‚ใ‚ Rain
่ฉฆๅˆ ใ—ใ‚ใ„ Match/Game
็”ฐไธญ ใŸใชใ‹ Tanaka (Name)
ๆญฏ ใฏ Tooth/Teeth
็ฃจใ ใฟใŒใ To Polish (To Brush)
ๅฏใ‚‹ ใญใ‚‹ To Sleep
ๅญฆๆ ก ใŒใฃใ“ใ† School
็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใŠใ‚ใ‚‹ To Finish
ไฝ่—ค ใ•ใจใ† Sato (Name)
ๅฑฑๆœฌ ใ‚„ใพใ‚‚ใจ Yamamoto (Name)
ๅœฐๅ›ณ ใกใš Map
่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ ใ›ใคใ‚ใ„ใ™ใ‚‹ To Explain

 

> ใพใˆใซ

 

N1 ใŒ
N3
V๏ผ‘๏ผˆ่พžๆ›ธๅฝข๏ผ‰
ใฎ
ใพใˆใซ N2 ใฏ
ใŒ
V2 ใพใ™

 

N2 can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

 

N2 ใฏ
ใŒ
N1 ใŒ
N3
V๏ผ‘๏ผˆ่พžๆ›ธๅฝข๏ผ‰
ใฎ
ใพใˆใซ V2 ใพใ™

 

ใ€Œใพใˆใซใ€ indicates that the event V2 takes place before V1 or N3.

 

  • ้›ป่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ใพใˆใซใ€็”ทใฎไบบใฏๅˆ‡็ฌฆใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒใซใฎใ‚‹ใพใˆใซใ€ใŠใจใ“ใฎใฒใจใฏใใฃใทใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    Before riding the train, the man bought a ticket.
  • ๆŽˆๆฅญใฎใพใˆใซๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใฎใพใˆใซใ—ใ‚…ใใ ใ„ใ‚’ใ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    I turned in my homework before class.
  • ๅฆนใŒๅฏใ‚‹ใพใˆใซ้›ป่ฉฑใงใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจใŒใญใ‚‹ใพใˆใซใงใ‚“ใ‚ใงใŠใฏใชใ—ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    Let’s talk on the phone before my little sister goes to sleep.
  • ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใพใˆใซใ€็Šฌใฎๆ•ฃๆญฉใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ‚ใ‚ใŒใตใ‚‹ใพใˆใซใ€ใ„ใฌใฎใ•ใ‚“ใฝใซใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    Before it started raining, I went to walk my dog.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
้›ป่ปŠ ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ Train
ไน—ใ‚‹ ใฎใ‚‹ To Ride
็”ทใฎไบบ ใŠใจใ“ใฎใฒใจ Man
ๅˆ‡็ฌฆ ใใฃใท Ticket
่ฒทใ† ใ‹ใ† To Buy
ๆŽˆๆฅญ ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ† Class
ๅฎฟ้กŒ ใ—ใ‚…ใใ ใ„ Homework
ๅ‡บใ™ ใ ใ™ To Turn in
ๅฆน ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจ Little Sister
ๅฏใ‚‹ ใญใ‚‹ To Sleep
้›ป่ฉฑ ใงใ‚“ใ‚ Telephone
่ฉฑใ™ ใฏใชใ™ To Talk
้›จ ใ‚ใ‚ Rain
้™ใ‚‹ ใตใ‚‹ To Fall
็Šฌ ใ„ใฌ Dog
ๆ•ฃๆญฉ ใ•ใ‚“ใฝ Walk
่กŒใ ใ„ใ To Go

 

> ใ‚ใจใง

 

N1 ใŒ
N3
V๏ผ‘๏ผˆ่พžๆ›ธๅฝข๏ผ‰
ใฎ
ใ‚ใจใง N2 ใฏ
ใŒ
V2 ใพใ™

 

N2 can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

 

N2 ใฏ
ใŒ
N1 ใŒ
N3
V๏ผ‘๏ผˆ่พžๆ›ธๅฝข๏ผ‰
ใฎ
ใ‚ใจใง V2 ใพใ™

 

ใ€Œใ‚ใจใงใ€ indicates that the even V2 happens after V1 or N3.

 

  • ๆŽˆๆฅญใฎใ‚ใจใงใ€ๆŽƒ้™คใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใฎใ‚ใจใงใ€ใใ†ใ˜ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
    We clean the room after our class.
  • ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚ใจใงใ€็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‡ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚“ใ ใ‚ใจใงใ€ใ›ใ„ใจใฏใ“ใŸใˆใ‚’ใ‹ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    After reading the textbook, the students wrote their answers.
  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚ใจใงใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ™
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆใŒใŠใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚ใจใงใ€ ใˆใ„ใŒใ‚’ใฟใซใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
    I go to the movies after finishing my part-time job.
  • ๆœŸๆœซ่ฉฆ้จ“ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚ใจใงใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใง้Šๅœ’ๅœฐใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    ใใพใคใ—ใ‘ใ‚“ใŒใŠใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚ใจใงใ€ ใฟใ‚“ใชใงใ‚†ใ†ใˆใ‚“ใกใซใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
    After final exams are over, letโ€™s all go to the amusement park.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆŽˆๆฅญ ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ† Class
ๆŽƒ้™ค ใใ†ใ˜ Cleaning
ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธ ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‡ Textbook
่ชญใ‚€ ใ‚ˆใ‚€ To Read
็”Ÿๅพ’ ใ›ใ„ใจ Student
็ญ”ใˆ ใ“ใŸใˆ Answer
ๆ›ธใ ใ‹ใ To Write
็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใŠใ‚ใ‚‹ To Finish
ๆ˜ ็”ป ใˆใ„ใŒ Movie
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใฟใ‚‹ To Watch
่กŒใ ใ„ใ To Go
ๆœŸๆœซ่ฉฆ้จ“ ใใพใคใ—ใ‘ใ‚“ Term End Exam
้Šๅœ’ๅœฐ ใ‚†ใ†ใˆใ‚“ใก Amusement Park

 

> ใจใ

 

N1 ใŒ V1 (ๅธธไฝ“ๅฝข)
A1 ใ„
AN1 ใช
N3 ใฎ
ใจใ N2 ใฏ
ใŒ
V2 ใพใ™
A2 ใงใ™
AN2 ใงใ™
N4ใงใ™
S1 ใจใ S2

 

ใ€ŒS1 ใจใ S2ใ€ indicates when S2 takes place, or sometimes indicates a chronological relationship between the two actions in S1 and S2.

 

  • ๆš‡ใชใจใใ€ใ‚ˆใๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใฒใพใชใจใใ€ใ‚ˆใใปใ‚“ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
    When I have free time, I frequently read books.
  • ่ตทใใŸใจใใ€ใ‚ใŒใญใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใŠใใŸใจใใ€ใ‚ใŒใญใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
    When I wake up, I put on my glasses.
  • ๅค–ๅ›ฝใซ่กŒใใจใใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใŒใ„ใ“ใใซใ„ใใจใใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
    When I go overseas, I bring my passport.
  • ๅญไพ›ใฎใจใใ€ใซใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚“ใŒๅซŒใ„ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ“ใฉใ‚‚ใฎใจใใ€ใซใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚“ใŒใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
    When I was young, I disliked carrots.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆš‡ ใฒใพ Free Time
ๆœฌ ใปใ‚“ Book
่ชญใ‚€ ใ‚ˆใ‚€ To Read
่ตทใใ‚‹ ใŠใใ‚‹ To Wake Up
ๅค–ๅ›ฝ ใŒใ„ใ“ใ Overseas/Abroad
่กŒใ ใ„ใ To Go
ๆŒใค ใ‚‚ใค To Bring/ To Hold
ๅญไพ› ใ“ใฉใ‚‚ Child
ๅซŒใ„ ใใ‚‰ใ„ Hate

 

> V ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™

 

N ใŒ V ใฆ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™

 

ใ€ŒV ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ is used for showing Nโ€™s condition as a result of a deliberate action.

 

  • ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ˜ ็”ปใฎใƒใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใŒ่ฒผใฃใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใˆใ„ใŒใฎใƒใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใŒใฏใฃใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    A new movie poster was posted.
  • ็ช“ใŒ้–‰ใ‚ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใพใฉใŒใ—ใ‚ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    The window is closed.
  • ็ญ”ใˆใฏ27ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ“ใŸใˆใฏ27ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซใ‹ใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    The answer is written on page 27.
  • ไปŠใ€้›ปๆฐ—ใŒๆถˆใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใ„ใพใ€ใงใ‚“ใใŒใ‘ใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
    The light is turned off right now.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ New
ๆ˜ ็”ป ใˆใ„ใŒ Movie
่ฒผใ‚‹ ใฏใ‚‹ To Post
็ช“ ใพใฉ Window
้–‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ—ใ‚ใ‚‹ To Close
็ญ”ใˆ ใ“ใŸใˆ Answer
ๆ›ธใ ใ‹ใ To Write
ไปŠ ใ„ใพ Now
้›ปๆฐ— ใงใ‚“ใ Light / Electricity
ๆถˆใ™ ใ‘ใ™ To Turn Off

 

> V ใชใŒใ‚‰ V

 

V1 ใชใŒใ‚‰ V2 ใพใ™

 

ใ€ŒV1 ใชใŒใ‚‰ V2ใ€indicates that V1 and V2 are done at the same time.

 

  • ๆ™ฏ่‰ฒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ€‚
    ใ‘ใ—ใใ‚’ใฟใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใŸในใŸใ€‚
    We ate ice cream while watching the scenery.
  • ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„ใ‚’ๅพ…ใกใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ ้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่žใใพใ™ใ€‚
    ใกใ‹ใฆใคใ‚’ใพใกใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ใŠใ‚“ใŒใใ‚’ใใใพใ™ใ€‚
    While I wait for the subway, I listen to music.
  • ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ€ๆญŒใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰ๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ€ใ†ใŸใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ„ใˆใซใ‹ใˆใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
    I sang while I went home.
  • ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’ใฟใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
    Please don’t watch television while studying.

 

V1 is the stem of the verb, and is made by taking off theใ€Œใพใ™ใ€from theใ€ŒV ใพใ™ใ€form.

 

Vocabulary

 

Kanji Hiragana English
ๆ™ฏ่‰ฒ ใ‘ใ—ใ Scenery
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใฟใ‚‹ To Watch
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ ใŸในใ‚‹ To Eat
ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„ ใกใ‹ใฆใค Subway
ๅพ…ใค ใพใค To Wait
้Ÿณๆฅฝ ใŠใ‚“ใŒใ Music
่žใ ใใ To Listen
ๆญŒใ† ใ†ใŸใ† To Sing
ๅฎถ ใ„ใˆ House / Home
ๅธฐใ‚‹ ใ‹ใˆใ‚‹ To Return
ๅ‹‰ๅผท ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ† Study
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใฟใ‚‹ To Watch