Adjectives
The two types of adjectives:
Before learning about adjective usage in sentences, we have to learn the basics about adjectives. Adjectives can be classified into two different types: い Adjectives and な Adjectives.
> い
い Adjectives will always end in an い. The いwill be in hiragana separate from the kanji for the word, with the exception of the word 嫌い (きらい・To Dislike), which is a な Adjective. When conjugating a い adjective, you can just put the word normally before the noun.
Kanji | Hiragana | English |
新しい本 | あたらしいほん | New Book |
> な
な Adjectives are adjectives that are conjugated to a noun by adding the character な in between the word and the noun. If the adjective does not end in a い, it is a な adjective. If it does end in a い, if the い is not an extra hiragana character attached to the kanji (called okurigana), it is a な adjective. The words for like and dislike, which are 好き (すき) and 嫌い (きらい) respectively are also considered な adjective, and are conjugated in the same way.
Kanji | Hiragana | English |
静かな人 | しずかなひと | Quiet Person |
好きな映画 | すきなえいが | Movie that I Like |
For い Adjectives:
- Non-Past Affirmative – ~ い
- Non-Past Negative – ~ くない
- Past Affirmative – ~ かった
- Past Negative – ~ くなかった
So for an example, take the word 眠い (ねむい), which means “sleepy”
- Non-Past Affirmative -眠い
- Non-Past Negative –眠くない
- Past Affirmative – 眠かった
- Past Negative – 眠くなかった
The exception: The non-past affirmative is いいです,the non-past negative becomes よくない, with the past affirmative and past negative becoming よかった and よくなかった respectively. It’s just one of the exceptions you have to remember.
or な Adjectives:
- Non-Past Affirmative – ~です
- Non-Past Negative – ~ ではありません
- Past Affirmative – ~ でした
- Past Negative – ~ ではありませんでした
So for an example, take the word 有名 (ゆうめい), which means “famous”
- Non-Past Affirmative –有名です
- Non-Past Negative –有名ではありません
- Past Affirmative – 有名でした
- Past Negative – 有名ではありませんでした
> Basic sentence structure, now with adjectives:
If you place the adjective before the noun, the tense of the statement can be changed in several ways.
Sentence Form | い adjective example (altering verb) | い adjective example (altering adjective) |
Non-Past Affirmative (Original) | 優しい人です やさしいひとです He/She is a nice person |
優しい人です |
Non-Past Negative | 優しい人ではありません or 優しくない人です | 優しくない人です |
Past Affirmative | 優しい人でした | 優しかった人です |
Past Negative | 優しい人ではありませんでした or 優しくない人でした | 優しくなかった人です |
きらいなたべものですIt is a food that I dislike
Sentence Form | な adjective example (altering verb) | な adjective example (altering adjective) | |
Non-Past Affirmative (Original) | 嫌いな食べ物です きらいなたべものです It is a food that I dislike |
嫌いな食べ物です |
|
Non-Past Negative | 嫌いな食べ物ではありません or 嫌いじゃない食べ物です | 嫌いじゃない食べ物です | |
Past Affirmative | 嫌いな食べ物でした | 嫌いだった食べ物です | |
Past Negative | 嫌いな食べ物ではありませんでした or 嫌いじゃない食べ物でした | 嫌いじゃなかった食べ物です |
On the other hand, if you place the adjective AFTER the noun, the statement can be changed differently.
Sentence Form | い adjective example | な adjective example |
Non-past Affirmative (Original) | 映画は面白いです えいがはおもしろいです The movie is interesting |
弟は静かです おとうとはしずかです My little brother is quiet |
Non-Past Negative | 映画は面白くないです | 弟は静かじゃないです or 弟は静かではありません |
Past Affirmative | 映画は面白かったです | 弟は静かでした |
ast Negative | 映画は面白くなかったです | 弟は静かじゃなかったです or 弟は静かではありませんでした |
For the subject to gain the trait described, we use “なります” For い adjectives, we remove the い, and add a く+なります。
To become more interesting (面白い・おもしろい=Interesting)
- 面白くなります (おもしろくなります)
For なadjectives, add a に+なります。
To become more famous(有名・ゆうめい=Famous)
- 有名になります(ゆうめいになります)
NOTE: This also works for “becoming” a noun. For example, to “become a high schooler,” you would say 高校生になります(こうこうせいになります・I will become a high school student)
> Other Topics:
あまり: あまり Is a limiter, and roughly translates to “not very.”
- to say that something is “not very fun,” you could say that _はあまり楽しくないです (楽しい・たのしい・Fun)
Listing adjectives: For describing things in detail, you don’t want to say “_はAです” over and over again. If you are going to list multiple adjectives, we change the ending for all of the adjectives EXCEPT for the last one.
- If part of the list has a い adjective:
- We add くて to the end of the adjective
- And if we’re listing a な adjective:
- We add で to the end of the word.
NOTE: once again if we want to describe something using a noun (like saying that a person is a high schooler) we can also use this format and add でto the end of the word. (Such as 高校生で_)
“My dog is small, quiet, and cute”
私の犬は小さくて、静かで、かわいいです。
わたし の いぬ は ちいさくて、しずかで、かわいい です。
(小さい=Small, 静か=Quiet, かわいい=Cute)
> What about adverbs:
Adverbs are not that complicated in Japanese. There is a standard form for adverbs in sentence structure.
For い adjectives, we have:
A く V ます: An example of this would be the English sentence “They eat loudly.” Since “loud” is うるさい and “to eat” is 食べます(たべます) “Eat loudly” would become うるさく食べます
For な adjectives, we have:
A に V ます: An example of this would be the English sentence “They spoke quietly” Since “quiet” is しずか and “to speak” is 話します(はなします) “Speak quietly” would become しずかに話します